This article explores the possibilities of reinforcing ethics education at the university level within the context of new internationalisation processes. The situation in Spain is used as a case study. The article begins with a review of the rationale behind this issue and goes on to analyse the place of the ethical dimension in education in the proposals for adapting Spanish university degree programmes to the European Higher Education Area. Fieldwork carried out at three higher education institutions reveals that, while (...) professors accept the institutional function of the university in ethics education, their hazy conception of the matter weakens the likelihood of a pedagogical approach in‐keeping with the level of importance given to such a function. (shrink)

This article proposes to identify risk factors for moral distress from the literature, validate them through expert analysis and provide the basis for a new tool to assess the risk of moral distress among nurses. Moral distress is related to the psychological, emotional and physiological aspects of nursing. It arises from constraints caused by various circumstances and can lead to significant negative consequences. A scoping review and validation through expert analysis were used. The research question guiding this study was as (...) follows: What is known about risk factors for moral distress in nursing? The research was conducted using multiple sources including electronic databases and lists of references from relevant literature. The final sample consisted of 38 studies. A validation analysis was conducted by experts during December 2014 and June 2015. To exclude a risk factor item, at least 80% of the experts had to agree with the exclusion. In total, 53 risk factors for moral distress were identified, reviewed by the experts and grouped to form a new instrument that may help to identify risk for moral distress and to address its consequences. (shrink)

Ao longo da história muito se tem pesquisado sobre o fenômeno da morte autoprovocada e a compreensão acerca do suicídio tem variado de acordo com a época e cultura nas quais os estudos se inserem. Este texto discorre a problemática da visão hegemônica contemporânea do suicídio em nossa cultura ocidental e de que forma podemos pensá-lo sob o enfoque da abordagem fenomenológica. Considerações críticas são apresentadas quanto ao que espera-se da pessoa com o comportamento suicida ante a sociedade e seu (...) próprio comportamento, e de que modo a sociedade responde a isso, apresentandose a noção de uma visão fenomenológica e do que temos atualmente como paradigma hegemônico e de suicidologia crítica. (shrink)

Serpa, Leal, and Muñoz’s article proposes that learning through narrative is fundamental in the field of mental health, including clinical practice, caregiving, and research. The reason is that mental health patients’ experiences are marked by pain, suffering, and stigma, and are of themselves a call for stories, a call to be heard and socially legitimized. The narratives, whose relevance should be situated in the broader movement of the narrative turn, therefore have a key role in overcoming epistemic injustice—a concept put (...) forward by the feminist philosopher Miranda Fricker—by offering a place for the speech and legitimacy for the accounts of mental health sufferers. The authors’ thesis is presented as an... (shrink)

In the applied sciences and in engineering there is often a significant overlap between work at universities and in industry. For the individual scholar, this may lead to serious conflicts when working on joint university–industry projects. Differences in goals, such as the university’s aim to disseminate knowledge while industry aims to appropriate knowledge, might lead to complicated situations and conflicts of interest. The detailed cases of two electrical engineers and two architects working at two different universities of technology illustrate the (...) kinds of problems individual scholars face in university–business collaborations. These cases are based on qualitative interviews and additional data and demonstrate that, while value conflicts emerge on the organizational level, it is primarily the individual researcher who must deal with such conflicts. This analysis adds to existing studies in two ways: first, it explicitly addresses normative issues framed in terms of ethical and social values, thereby going beyond the common social-science perspective of university–business collaboration. Secondly, it provides qualitative insights, thereby identifying details and issues not apparent in quantitative studies. In particular, it is evident that university–industry collaborations are prone to value conflicts not only in research but also in education and job training. (shrink)

In the applied sciences and in engineering there is often a significant overlap between work at universities and in industry. For the individual scholar, this may lead to serious conflicts when working on joint university–industry projects. Differences in goals, such as the university’s aim to disseminate knowledge while industry aims to appropriate knowledge, might lead to complicated situations and conflicts of interest. The detailed cases of two electrical engineers and two architects working at two different universities of technology illustrate the (...) kinds of problems individual scholars face in university–business collaborations. These cases are based on qualitative interviews and additional data and demonstrate that, while value conflicts emerge on the organizational level, it is primarily the individual researcher who must deal with such conflicts. This analysis adds to existing studies in two ways: first, it explicitly addresses normative issues framed in terms of ethical and social values, thereby going beyond the common social-science perspective of university–business collaboration. Secondly, it provides qualitative insights, thereby identifying details and issues not apparent in quantitative studies. In particular, it is evident that university–industry collaborations are prone to value conflicts not only in research but also in education and job training. (shrink)

Female sex steroids can affect the motor system, modulating motor cortex excitability as well as performance in dexterity and coordination tasks. However, it has not yet been explored whether FSS affects the cognitive components of motor behavior. Mu is a sensorimotor rhythm observed by electroencephalography in alpha and beta frequency bands in practices such as motor imagery and action observation. This rhythm represents a window for studying the activity of neural circuits involved in motor cognition. Herein we investigated whether the (...) alpha-mu and beta-mu power in the sensorimotor region and the alpha and beta power over frontal, parietal, and occipital regions are modulated differently in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of menstrual cycles in right-handed dominant women. To do so, these women underwent MI and AO in the three menstrual cycle phases. The spectral activity of the cortical regions for the alpha and beta bands were compared between phases of the menstrual cycle and a correlation analysis was also performed in relation to estrogen and progesterone levels. For the hypothesis-based approach, beta-mu event-related desynchronization was significantly stronger in the C3 channel in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases. For the data-driven approach, beta ERD during MI was higher in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases in the frontal region. These findings suggest the effect of FSS on executive movement control. No effect of menstrual cycle phases was observed in cortical areas investigated during OA, but alpha and beta bands correlated positively with the follicular phase plasma estradiol level. Thus, the attenuation of alpha and beta bands referring to mirror neuron activities appears to be associated with inhibition of cortical activity when estradiol levels are lower, improving cognitive processing of motor action. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura gestáltica e fenomenológica acerca do conceito de corpo na abordagem, objetivando identificar as possíveis contribuições da epistemologia para o tema nas diversas concepções encontradas na literatura cientifica consultada, bem como oferecer aos Psicólogos insumos para focalizar na prática clínica psicoterapêutica alguns sintomas ligados às demandas do cliente. Diversos autores produziram estudos a respeito do assunto, visto que um dos fundadores da Gestalt-terapia, Frederick Salomon Perls inclui em suas obras, nos textos fundadores da (...) Gestalt-terapia, a preocupação com a vivência do corpo. Metodologicamente realizamos uma revisão de literatura a respeito de livros, artigos e dissertações afins ao tema com a finalidade de obter essas informações. Situamos o período de 2015 a 2017 para a coleta, contudo houve um afrouxamento do marco temporal dada a escassez de produções específicas. Entre os resultados, foi observado que as concepções de corpo, de maneira geral, apontam para o reconhecimento do corpo como essencial para o fluxo da psicoterapia; os autores refutam a divisão mente-corpo estabelecida pela filosofia Cartesiana; o corpo é colocado como essencial para os processos de awareness e ajustamento criativo, os quais são fundamentais para a saúde do indivíduo. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas apontam o autorreconhecimento do corpo como fator que promove a conscientização de si como uma totalidade, haja vista que pensar o corpo no âmbito gestáltico significa refletir a corporeidade do organismo. Nesse sentido, estudos referentes ao assunto promovem inovações nas formas de pensar a clínica e o indivíduo. (shrink)

Child poly-victimization is a risk factor for psychopathology in adulthood, such as anxiety and depression. Despite that, there is minus investment regarding psychotic symptoms and the mechanisms explaining the relationship between poly-victimization and psychoticism. The purpose of this study is to investigate these variables and explain how they might be associated. A sample of 246 adults participated in this study, aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 37.5, SD = 12.5) and mostly females (76.8%). The results revealed a significant (...) mediating effect of anxiety and depression in the relationship between childhood victimization and psychoticism (b =.12, p =.011), but not a significant moderating effect of gender, Δχ2(5) = 3.87, p =.568. The affective pathway was supported by our findings. These results suggest the need of additional efforts on prevention of child victimization, as well as of intervention programs aiming to prevent its cumulative effect. (shrink)

O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura gestáltica e fenomenológica acerca do conceito de corpo na abordagem, objetivando identificar as possíveis contribuições da epistemologia para o tema nas diversas concepções encontradas na literatura cientifica consultada, bem como oferecer aos Psicólogos insumos para focalizar na prática clínica psicoterapêutica alguns sintomas ligados às demandas do cliente. Diversos autores produziram estudos a respeito do assunto, visto que um dos fundadores da Gestalt-terapia, Frederick Salomon Perls inclui em suas obras, nos textos fundadores da (...) Gestalt-terapia, a preocupação com a vivência do corpo. Metodologicamente realizamos uma revisão de literatura a respeito de livros, artigos e dissertações afins ao tema com a finalidade de obter essas informações. Situamos o período de 2015 a 2017 para a coleta, contudo houve um afrouxamento do marco temporal dada a escassez de produções específicas. Entre os resultados, foi observado que as concepções de corpo, de maneira geral, apontam para o reconhecimento do corpo como essencial para o fluxo da psicoterapia; os autores refutam a divisão mente-corpo estabelecida pela filosofia Cartesiana; o corpo é colocado como essencial para os processos de awareness e ajustamento criativo, os quais são fundamentais para a saúde do indivíduo. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas apontam o autorreconhecimento do corpo como fator que promove a conscientização de si como uma totalidade, haja vista que pensar o corpo no âmbito gestáltico significa refletir a corporeidade do organismo. Nesse sentido, estudos referentes ao assunto promovem inovações nas formas de pensar a clínica e o indivíduo. (shrink)

O verbete que ora apresentamos em tradução para a língua portuguesa foi originalmente publicado por Marianne Janack na Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Seu principal objetivo é apresentar um mapeamento da subárea de pesquisa denominada “epistemologia feminista” detalhando algumas de suas principais abordagens. A autora mostra que existem diversas epistemologias feministas cujo traço em comum é o uso da noção de gênero como categoria fulcral de análise das modalidades de conhecimento, suas interações, hierarquizações e relações com a esfera propriamente normativa ou (...) valorativa da vida humana. (shrink)

Este artigo visa apresentar a abordagem de um ensino de filosofia pautado majoritariamente em problemas filosóficos, e busca defendê-la como um método eficaz para o uso em sala de aula, especialmente na educação popular. O método conforme endossado por este trabalho consiste na utilização de problemas como mote principal para a elaboração e condução de uma aula de filosofia. No aspecto prático, o artigo se vale da experiência adquirida em dois anos (2018 e 2019) de aulas ministradas no âmbito do (...) Pré-Universitário Popular Alternativa (PUPA), com turmas distintas em cada ano. O Alternativa é um projeto que visa preparar estudantes ao longo de um ano para capacitá-los a realizar o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM). O curso é voltado à população de baixa renda de Santa Maria e região e seu público é majoritariamente composto por alunos(as) formandos do terceiro ano do ensino médio de escolas públicas da cidade. Dado o objetivo do Alternativa, que consiste em revisar os conteúdos centrais do ensino médio no período de menos de um ano, é de vital importância a escolha de um método de ensino que seja dinâmico ao apresentar os conteúdos e hábil em relacioná-los às demais áreas do saber. Desse modo, a melhor metodologia é aquela que se utiliza melhor do tempo disponível de aula para apresentar o essencial a um público com pouca ou nenhuma iniciação no assunto. (shrink)

Between the fourth and the recent fifth IPCC report, science as well as policy making have made great advances in dealing with uncertainties in global climate models. However, the uncertainties public decision making has to deal with go well beyond what is currently addressed by policy makers and climatologists alike. It is shown in this paper that within an anthropocentric framework, a whole hierarchy of models from various scientific disciplines is needed for political decisions as regards climate change. Via what (...) is sometimes referred to as ‘uncertainty cascade’ in the technical literature, the uncertainties of various models accumulate in the input to political decision making. This paper aims to chart the uncertainties in the multi-disciplinary enterprise of current climate modeling in broad strokes. It is shown that the uncertainty cascade makes it impossible to quantify uncertainties in the form of probability estimates. Moreover the paper highlights how global climate models fail to provide probability estimates. A better treatment of the uncertainties of climate predictions on the political level would require an overhaul of the current IPCC practice that separates the various scientific fields in various working groups. (shrink)

Assume-se a investigação narrativa (auto)biográfica como modo de documentar as experiências ambientais da formação docente. Desse modo, apresentam-se as narrativas das experiências envolvendo a Educação Ambiental na formação inicial de uma professora-pesquisadora, as quais mostram, que a temática da sua pesquisa de mestrado está relacionada com as experiências ambientais vividas no contexto escolar e acadêmico reforçando a perspectiva da investigação a partir das memórias da infância e o reencontro com narrativas construídas na formação inicial. Apresentam-se compreensões relacionadas a formação docente (...) ambiental e as potencialidades do processo narrativo (auto)biográfico centrado nas narrativas revividas e recontadas ao resgatar o diário de formação da professora-pesquisadora. Argumenta-se que o ato de documentar a experiência de formação mostra às potencialidades da pesquisa narrativa e reafirma a importância da escrita (auto)biográfica no processo de investigação. (shrink)

It is assumed that social bonds in humans have consequences for virtually all aspects of behavior. Social touch-based contact, particularly hand caressing, plays an important role in social bonding. Pre-programmed neural circuits likely support actions (or predispositions to act) towards caressing contacts. We searched for pre-set motor substrates towards caressing by exposing volunteers to bonding cues and having them gently stroke a very soft cloth, a caress-like movement. The bonding cues were pictures with interacting dyads and the control pictures presented (...) non-interacting dyads. We focused on the readiness potential, an electroencephalographic marker of motor preparation that precedes movement execution. The amplitude of the readiness potential preceding the grasping of pleasant emotional-laden stimuli was previously shown to be reduced compared with neutral ones. Fingers flexor electromyography measured action output. The rationale here is that stroking the soft cloth when previously exposed to bonding cues, a compatible context, would result in smaller amplitudes of readiness potentials, as compared to the context with no such cues. Exposure to the bonding pictures increased subjective feelings of sociability and decreased feelings of isolation. Participants who more frequently engage in mutual caress/groom a “significant other” in daily life initiated the motor preparation earlier, reinforcing the caress-like nature of the task. As hypothesized, readiness potentials preceding the caressing of the soft cloth were significantly reduced under exposure to bonding as compared to control pictures. Furthermore, an increased fingers flexor electromyographic activity was identified under exposure to the former as compared to the latter pictures. The facilitatory effects are likely due to the recruitment of pre-set cortical motor repertoires related to caress-like movements, emphasizing the distinctiveness of neural signatures for caress-like movements. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência vivida como estudante de licenciatura em Filosofia do Programa de Residência Pedagógica da UFRGS durante o ano de 2019 no Colégio Estadual Coronel Afonso Emílio Massot em Porto Alegre, RS. O relato em questão é voltado para principalmente uma pergunta que tem marcado profundamente minha experiência: o que é ser professora de filosofia no ensino médio da escola pública brasileira? Desde o início do ano letivo na turma 106 do Colégio Massot, houve (...) forte predisposição dos alunos com a disciplina e com o modo como as aulas e discussões eram conduzidas, bem como a percepção de que muitas vezes o espaço da nossa aula era um espaço motivador, desafiador e até esperado. Porém, por diversas vezes, foi notado que essa predisposição não era suficiente para a obtenção de resultados mais objetivos e profundos em relação ao aprendizado. Esses resultados começaram a ser alcançados a partir do momento em que eu consegui aplicar em sala de aula a noção de diálogo, uma noção pouco tradicional, pois é vista como elemento fundamental para a possibilidade do aprendizado - uma vez que é apenas através dessa que se alcança o elemento mais importante do aprendizado, aquilo que chamo de resíduo. Entender como todos esses processos e práticas didáticas se deram, apontando seus resultados e podendo explicar de que maneira tal experiência caracteriza, ou pode caracterizar, a experiência de ser professora de filosofia de adolescentes no Brasil atual é o que pretendo contar. (shrink)

Através dos parâmetros pós-estruturalistas, busca-se uma prática crítica e humanizada da clínica e que esteja aberta para repensar seus próprios acordos conceituais, ao abrirem-se para métodos que concedam em alguma medida reconhecimento aos pacientes psicóticos que não são capazes de realizar transferência em terapia. A loucura, sendo um fenômeno de dissociação com o nexo dos regimes de verdade estabelecidos, é uma tecnologia de defesa da psique contra a ultra identificação cultural com o Ego da sociedade contemporânea neoliberal. É através das (...) noções descritas por Michael Pollak, sociólogo que escreve sobre identidade social e memória, em que diversas instituições como o Estado e a ciência difundem uma linha histórica progressiva e linear, que não passa de uma construção narrativa ideológica que atualiza o seu poder e domina o corpo social. Neste artigo identifica-se em alguma medida o caráter transgressivo da loucura que pode impulsionar a crítica das normas sociais, em defesa da autonomia do sujeito e da produção livre de seus próprios métodos artísticos, políticos e místicos da psicose. Em relação à epistemologia formadora das instituições, verifica-se o processo crítico necessário à psicanálise tradicional. (shrink)

The debate over the civilian use of nuclear power is highly polarised. We argue that a reasonable response to this deep disagreement is to maintain that advocates of both camps should modify their positions. According to the analysis we propose, nuclear power is neither entirely right nor entirely wrong, but rather right and wrong to some degree. We are aware that this non-binary analysis of nuclear power is controversial from a theoretical point of view. Utilitarians, Kantians, and other moral theorists (...) make sharp, binary distinctions between right and wrong acts. However, an important argument speaking in favour of our non-binary analysis is that it better reflects our considered intuitions about the ethical trade-offs we face in discussions of nuclear power. The aim of this article is to make this argument sharp by explaining how it can be rendered compatible with, and supported by, the Capability Approach, which is quickly becoming one of the most influential frameworks for thinking about human development. (shrink)

This paper aims to show that modeling complex systems inevitably involves non-propositional knowledge and thus the uncertainties associated with the corresponding model predictions cannot be fully quantified. This is exemplified by means of the climate system and climate modeling. The climate system is considered as a paradigm for a complex system, whereby the notion of complexity adopted in this paper is epistemic in nature and does not equate with the technical definition of a complex system as for example used within (...) physics or complexity theory. The epistemic notion of complexity allows to view the climate system as complex with respect to some features, while simple with respect to others. This distinction is of practical significance for political decision making as it allows to treat some climate predictions as (fairly) certain, while acknowledging high uncertainties with others. (shrink)

In recent years, computational sciences such as computational hydrodynamics or computational field theory have supplemented theoretical and experimental investigations in many scientific fields. Often, there is a seemingly fruitful overlap between theory, experiment, and numerics. The computational sciences are highly dynamic and seem a fairly successful endeavor---at least if success is measured in terms of publications or engineering applications. However, for theories, success in application and correctness are two very different things; and just the same may hold for "methodologies" like (...) computer simulations. A lively debate on the epistemic status of computer simulations has thus emerged within the philosophy of science. This paper discusses possible problems when computer simulation and laboratory experiment are intertwined. In present experiments, stochastic methods in the form of Monte Carlo simulations are often involved in generating experimental data. It is questioned as to how far a realistic stance can be maintained when such stochastic elements are involved. Taking experiments in high energy physics as a study case, this paper contends that using these types of entangled material and numerical experiments as a source of new phenomena or for theory testing must presuppose a certain understanding of causality and thus binds us at least to a weak form of realism. (shrink)

Bis in die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts war die philosophische Ethik neben Vertragstheorien geprägt von zwei ethischen Theoriefamilien: der deontologischen Ethik und dem Konsequentialismus, Letzter vor allem in Form des Utilitarismus. Diese beiden Ethiktheorien scheinen in vielerlei Hinsicht diametral entgegengesetzt zu sein, etwa wenn die moralische Korrektheit einer Handlung entweder an ihren Folgen oder in Übereinstimmung mit einem allgemeinen moralischen Gesetz bemessen wird. Dennoch sind es in beiden Theorien die Handlungen, die bewertet werden.

Neste artigo, tratamos de um desafio lançado inicialmente por Derek Parfit contra a teoria da justiça de Rawls, que diz respeito ao problema da identidade pessoal e como isso pode se relacionar com os princípios distributivos da justiça. Acreditamos, como indicado por Paul Weithman, que tal problema desempenha um papel relevante na guinada política de Rawls – movimento pelo qual designamos as transformações em sua teoria do período de Uma Teoria da Justiça para o da publicação de Political Liberalism. O (...) próprio Weithman já forneceu uma análise acurada de como essa objeção, a qual daqui em diante nos referimos como a objeção do self parfitiano, minou a primeira tentativa de Rawls de mostrar como sua concepção de justiça seria estável. É provável, no entanto, que seja fácil perder o rumo desse debate, que foi de certa forma mediado por Samuel Scheffler. É por isso que fornecemos uma exposição cronológica desse debate na seção 1. Depois disso, na seção 2, reafirmamos o relato de Weithman de como o self parfitiano mina a estabilidade da concepção de justiça de Rawls em Uma Teoria da Justiça. Por fim, na seção 3, examinamos se essa dificuldade é devidamente tratada em Political Liberalism. Assim, sobretudo com este último passo, esperamos que esta abordagem possa acompanhar e complementar as contribuições anteriores de Weithman. (shrink)

Resumo: A falência do feminismo liberal é apontada como uma realidade por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir disso, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo esclarecer ideias centrais do feminismo liberal, as principais críticas direcionadas à teoria e a sua utilidade a um projeto feminista emancipador das mulheres, com base, principalmente, nos escritos de Martha Nussbaum. Autonomia, racionalidade e liberdade são as principais reivindicações do feminismo liberal, e por isso, busca-se demonstrar a interlocução entre essas questões e a objetificação, (...) bem como esclarecer que existem interpretações diversas dentro do próprio movimento, a respeito de qual liberdade se interessa, e que nesse sentido, o feminismo liberal igualitário é o mais útil a um projeto emancipador. Palavras-chave: Feminismo liberal; Autonomia; Objetificação; Racionalidade. Autonomy, rationality and freedom: liberal feminism is bankrupt? Abstract: The failure of liberal feminism is pointed out as a reality by feminist philosophers such as Nancy Fraser. From this, the present research aims to clarify central ideas of liberal feminism, the main criticisms directed to the theory and its usefulness to a feminist emancipatory project for women, based mainly on the writings of Martha Nussbaum. Autonomy, rationality and freedom are the main claims of liberal feminism, and therefore, it seeks to demonstrate the dialogue between these issues and objectification, as well as clarify that there are different interpretations within the movement itself, regarding which freedom is interested, and that in this sense, egalitarian liberal feminism is the most useful to an emancipatory project. Key-words: Liberal feminism; Objectification; Autonomy; Rationality. Autonomía, racionalidad y libertad: ¿está en bancarrota el feminismo liberal? Resumen: El fracaso del feminismo liberal es señalado como una realidad por filósofas feministas como Nancy Fraser. A partir de ello, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo esclarecer ideas centrales del feminismo liberal, las principales críticas dirigidas a la teoría y su utilidad para un proyecto feminista emancipador de las mujeres, apoyándose principalmente en los escritos de Martha Nussbaum. La autonomía, la racionalidad y la libertad son los principales reclamos del feminismo liberal, y por ello, busca evidenciar el diálogo entre estos temas y la objetivación, así como aclarar que existen diferentes interpretaciones dentro del propio movimiento, respecto a lo que le interesa la libertad, y que en este sentido, el feminismo liberal igualitario es el más útil para un proyecto emancipador. Palabras clave: Feminismo Liberal; Objetivación; Autonomía; Racionalidad. Data de registro: 28/04/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

Muitas revisões e críticas são feitas a partir dos estudos da teoria kantiana, e a crítica feminista é uma delas. A posição da mulher na filosofia de Kant é de exclusão da vida pública, sendo relacionada ao belo, guiada pelas emoções e não pela razão. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho busca inicialmente demonstrar aspectos da teoria kantiana sobre a posição da mulher e considerações sobre o imperativo categórico, para após, adentrar às críticas feministas direcionadas ao filósofo. Para sua realização serão (...) utilizados quatro textos principais que envolvem as filósofas Esperanza Guisán, Luisa Posada Kubissa, Stella Villarmea e Nagl-Docekal. A partir das críticas, é apresentada uma releitura feminista que utiliza os estudos de Kant para fundamentar um feminismo ético. (shrink)

Proxy agency is the capacity of individuals and groups to act for other individuals or groups in specific social transactions. For example, a legal team acts as a proxy for a client in a courtroom, or the Prime Minister acts as a proxy for the UK Government when attending international meetings, etc. Although a very common social phenomenon, it has not yet received enough philosophical treatment. Currently, the most developed account of this capacity is Ludwig’s proxy agency in collective action. (...) Yet, his account relies on a deflationary, we-content approach to collective intentionality (á la Bratman). In this chapter, I argue that this approach is far too weak to explain proxy agency in institutional contexts—where the individuals and groups formally authorised to perform rule-guided group activities for the principal hold a strong, non-conditional we-commitment. In order to elucidate this feature, I provide an account of proxy agency based on a more robust, we-mode approach to collective intentionality (á la Tuomela). I suggest with this that, for institutional proxy agency to operate as expected, there must be appropriate conditions of sociality in place—which ultimately coheres with the larger project developed by Tuomela on social ontology. (shrink)

Facing the progress of science and technology, Hans Jonas believes that traditional ethical theories are insufficient to guide the actions of contemporary man. To formulate his own theory, the philosopher takes as its basis the responsibilities of parents towards their children and the one the public man has in relation with his community. Despite their differences, these forms of liability are intertwined and complementary. Then arise in jonas' theory the concepts of wholeness, continuity and future, which will cover following the (...) thinking of the philosopher. (shrink)

¿Qué hacer con la escuela para que lo que ocurra hoy en las aulas tenga algún sentido? Esta pregunta evidencia cierta tensión entre la matriz escolar moderna y las nuevas subjetividades y modalidades, estilos, matrices de aprendizajes que los sujetos construyen. Aportamos elementos y claves para formular algunas respuestas y abordajes desde las perspectivas histórica, psicológico-social, pedagógica, didáctica y psicopedagógica.

Some risks have extremely high stakes. For example, a worldwide pandemic or asteroid impact could potentially kill more than a billion people. Comfortingly, scientific calculations often put very low probabilities on the occurrence of such catastrophes. In this paper, we argue that there are important new methodological problems which arise when assessing global catastrophic risks and we focus on a problem regarding probability estimation. When an expert provides a calculation of the probability of an outcome, they are really providing the (...) probability of the outcome occurring, given that their argument is watertight. However, their argument may fail for a number of reasons such as a flaw in the underlying theory, a flaw in the modeling of the problem, or a mistake in the calculations. If the probability estimate given by an argument is dwarfed by the chance that the argument itself is flawed, then the estimate is suspect. We develop this idea formally, explaining how it differs from the related distinctions of model and parameter uncertainty. Using the risk estimates from the Large Hadron Collider as a test case, we show how serious the problem can be when it comes to catastrophic risks and how best to address it. (shrink)

Cosmopolitan critics attack the scope-limitation of justice of egalitarian liberal theorists to states. They treat justice as the production of a given set of outcomes for people regardless of location or relationship. However, in doing so they either ignore the relevant agent towards whom principles of justice are addressed or see the question of agency as a practical, derivative question, of a secondary character. This paper argues that a principle of justice without a clearly justified agent is not a genuine (...) principle at all. This is what writers like Rawls mean by the "subject" of justice (analogous to the grammatical subject of a sentence, i.e.,the agent). We should reflect on agents and why they would or would not justifiably carry certain burdens for others and what kind of benefits or goods they are able to secure. The answers to those questions explain why the idea of cosmopolitan global justice is incomplete, either requiring a global basic structural agency or not applying because no relevant agent is present that can create cooperative arrangements between individual persons across the globe. Other moral principles will still apply globally, but they will be distinct from those that apply to basic-structural agencies. This account is not a practice dependence account, as it bases the distinctness of moral and political principles on purely moral and value-based considerations. (shrink)

A preocupação com a saúde física e mental de crianças, adolescentes, jovens, adultos e idosos tem crescido ao longo dos últimos anos, sobretudo a partir da pandemia de Covid-19. Tal preocupação tem produzido estudos e pesquisas acadêmicas; levantamentos e análises realizados por organizações nacionais e internacionais; políticas públicas nacionais; e orientações e planos de ação dirigidos às diversas nações. Se por um lado a atenção e o cuidado com as questões relativas à saúde física e mental são importantes e necessários, (...) por outro, fazem pensar no risco da medicalização da vida, do sofrimento e do mal-estar. Tendo em vista que a escola tem sido lócus privilegiado de discursos e práticas medicalizantes, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de averiguar se o processo de medicalização é abordado na formação inicial de pedagogos e investigar os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre a temática. Para tal fim, foi aplicado um questionário em 19 (ex)estudantes de uma universidade pública federal através do aplicativo Google Forms. Dentre os resultados, a análise indica que o tema ainda é pouco estudado no curso e que há pouca clareza na definição e diferenciação dos termos medicalização, patologização e medicação, e na compreensão das causas e desdobramentos do processo. (shrink)

I argue racial injustice undermines the reliability of news source reports in the information domain of racial injustice. I argue that this in turn undermines subjects’ doxastic justification in inferences they base on these news sources in the racial injustice information domain. I explain that racial injustice does this undermining through the effect of racial prejudice on news organizations’ members and the effect of society's racially unjust structure on non-dominant racial group-controlled news sources.

"Epistola a Memeceo, Maximas capitales, Sentencias vaticanas, fragmentos y testimonios; texto griego y traduccion": p. [87]-161.

Either a person's claim to subsistence goods is held against institutions equipped to distribute social benefits and burdens fairly or it is made regardless of such a social scheme. If the former, then one's claim is not best understood as based on principles setting out a subsistence goods entitlement, but rather on principles of equitable social distribution — a fair share. If, however, the claim is not against a given social scheme, no plausible principle exists defining what counts as a (...) reasonable burden for any of the available agents to secure subsistence. No justifiable principle exists implying generalised perfect duties any agent could clearly follow or clearly breach that secure subsistence conditions for others. At best we can justify rescue duties under very specific conditions, or general but imperfect duties to improve arrangements. Neither of these obviously correlates with human rights standards. Attempts in the literature to overcome the dilemma by claiming basic rights can correlate with imperfect duties or can generate duties to work towards institutions that ‘perfect’ our imperfect duties, are faulty. I then show how the dilemma can be avoided by accounts of human rights focusing on minimum respectful treatment rather than goods or interests. (shrink)

Dennett (1988) provides a much discussed argument for the nonexistence of qualia, as conceived by philosophers like Block, Chalmers, Loar and Searle. My goal in this paper is to vindicate Dennett's argument, construed in a certain way. The argument supports the claim that qualia are constitutively representational. Against Block and Chalmers, the argument rejects the detachment of phenomenal from information‐processing consciousness; and against Loar and Searle, it defends the claim that qualia are constitu‐tively representational in an externalist understanding of this. (...) The core of the argument is contained in section 3. In the first part, I contrast a minimal conception of qualia, relative to which their existence is not under dispute, with the sort of view to which I will object. In the second part I set the stage by presenting the facts about (minimal) qualia on which a Dennett‐like argument can be based. (shrink)

The paper examines an alleged distinction claimed to exist by Van Gelder between two different, but equally acceptable ways of accounting for the systematicity of cognitive output (two “varieties of compositionality”): “concatenative compositionality” vs. “functional compositionality.” The second is supposed to provide an explanation alternative to the Language of Thought Hypothesis. I contend that, if the definition of “concatenative compositionality” is taken in a different way from the official one given by Van Gelder (but one suggested by some of his (...) formulations) then there is indeed a different sort of compositionality; however, the second variety is not an alternative to the language of thought in that case. On the other hand, if the concept of concatenative compositionality is taken in a different way, along the lines of Van Gelder's explicit definition, then there is no reason to think that there is an alternative way of explaining systematicity. (shrink)

Building on agency and resource-based view theories, this study investigates the level of environmental disclosure (ED) practices of family versus non-family firms and explores the moderating role of board gender diversity. We test our hypotheses on a 3-year (2018–2020) panel data sample comprising 324 observations of Italian small- and medium-sized enterprises traded on the Euronext Growth Milan. Findings show that, compared to non-family firms, companies with a family firm status are characterized by lower levels of ED. Gender diversity on the (...) board, however, moderates this relationship, reducing this gap, to the extent that the family firm status is associated with higher ED when the number of women directors is high enough to constitute a critical mass. We consequently contribute to the studies on family business, corporate governance, and corporate social responsibility. (shrink)

El presente trabajo se propone determinar un criterio con que interpretar de modo global el desarrollo del pensamiento de Giovanni Gentile. Su caracterización como pensador neohegeliano no da razón del sentido global de su filosofía ni de sus efectivos puntos de partida ni de los pensadores con los que directamente se midió. El trabajo hace ver que, con Donato Jaja, su maestro universitario, la tradición idealista iniciada por Bertrando Spaventa se separa definitivamente de la interpretación de Hegel y se constituye (...) como tradición autónoma. En ese sentido, buscamos precisar los rasgos característicos de la personalidad filosófica de Gentile dentro de dicha tradición y concluimos que Vico ocupó un papel nuclear en ella. (shrink)